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插入管道式電磁流量計

簡要描述:
插入管道式電磁流量計是設計用于測量電解質流體的,測量原理是基于法拉第電磁感應定律。

更(geng)新(xin)時間:2024-03-24

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1基本原理:

插入管道式電磁流量計是(shi)設計用于測(ce)(ce)量電(dian)(dian)解質流體(ti)的,測(ce)(ce)量原理是(shi)基于法拉(la)第電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感應(ying)定律(lv)。根(gen)據該定律(lv),任何導體(ti)通過磁(ci)(ci)場作切(qie)割磁(ci)(ci)力線運動(dong)時,就(jiu)會產生一(yi)個感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)壓,該感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)壓由下式給出(chu):

式(1) U=K·B·L·V

上式中:U=感應電壓 K=儀表常數 B=磁(ci)場強(qiang)度(du)

L=導體長(chang)度(du) V=導體運(yun)動速(su)度(du)

因(yin)此,當磁場強度B為常(chang)數時,感應電壓U正比于(yu)運動的速度V如圖(1)

插入管道式電磁流量計來說,管路(lu)中(zhong)導(dao)電的液(ye)體就是(shi)在磁場中(zhong)運動的導(dao)體,兩電極(ji)間(jian)的距離(li)就是(shi)導(dao)體的長度L。如圖(tu)(2)

其感(gan)應電壓與(yu)平均(jun)流(liu)(liu)速成正(zheng)比,此(ci)時管道中(zhong)流(liu)(liu)體流(liu)(liu)量就可由下得(de)出:

式(shi)(2) Q=πD2U/4KBL (式(shi)中D為管道直徑)

在上(shang)式的(de)右面,除感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓U外都是常量。因(yin)此,流(liu)量Q與U成正比關(guan)系。而感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓U可由(you)與磁(ci)(ci)場成直角(jiao)并于流(liu)體方向成直角(jiao)的(de)兩根與介質(zhi)接觸的(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極所檢測出來。檢測出來的(de)信號電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學干擾電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓疊加其上(shang),在變送轉換時,應(ying)首先將干擾電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓分離(li)(li)掉。磁(ci)(ci)場是由(you)方波恒流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)經勵磁(ci)(ci)線圈產生的(de)。獲得(de)的(de)脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓信號是較容易與具有(you)直流(liu)性質(zhi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學干擾電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓相分離(li)(li)。

2平均速(su)度的(de)概念及平均速(su)度點(dian)的(de)位置

根據尼庫拉磁(NIKURADS)對管道內流體各點運(yun)動(dong)速度(du)的數學模(mo)型:

其中 VY是(shi)距(ju)管壁距(ju)離(li)為(wei)Y的(de)流體的(de)運動速度(du)

VC是管道(dao)中心點的速(su)度

Y是距管(guan)壁的軸(zhou)向距離

R是管道(dao)的內半徑,見圖(3)

n是根據雷諾數(shu)(Re)變化的一個數(shu)

n=21.5074-10.401lgRe+2.1572lg2Re-0.1275lg3Re

而管道流體的(de)平均速度Vm與(yu)VC的(de)關系可由(you)式(3)經過對Y的(de)積分運算可得:

式(4)

把式(4)代入式(3)中,得到平均速度Vm處的(de)(de)距管(guan)壁的(de)(de)軸向距離Ym與半徑(jing)R的(de)(de)比值關系:

即 式(5)

由上式(shi)在(zai)各種流(liu)(liu)速(su)下計算(suan)結果(guo)可(ke)知,當Re>3000時(shi),即(ji)流(liu)(liu)體成湍流(liu)(liu)狀(zhuang)態(tai)時(shi),平均流(liu)(liu)速(su)點(dian)的(de)位置都在(zai)距管壁0.12D左右處。D是管道的(de)內徑。

由于在測量(liang)過(guo)程中,電磁流量(liang)計(ji)插入(ru)管道中,占(zhan)據一(yi)定的空間,使得流過(guo)電極處的速度(du)有所(suo)增加。所(suo)以(yi)應該用降低插入(ru)深度(du)來補償,經(jing)過(guo)計(ji)算和大量(liang)的實踐,修(xiu)正插入(ru)深度(du)為管道內徑的10%。

3系統的功能

傳(chuan)感器的(de)(de)磁場(chang)是由轉換器提供的(de)(de)近似于矩(ju)形波(bo)的(de)(de)電(dian)流,經(jing)勵(li)磁線圈而產生的(de)(de)。這勵(li)磁電(dian)流在正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)負值之(zhi)間交變(bian)。在正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)比(bi)于勵(li)磁電(dian)流的(de)(de)磁場(chang)作(zuo)用下,流體流過傳(chuan)感器探頭時,在兩檢測電(dian)極之(zhi)間就會產生相同頻率(lv)的(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、負交變(bian)且正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)比(bi)于流量(liang)的(de)(de)信號電(dian)壓。

由于流(liu)(liu)體是導電(dian)的,在(zai)電(dian)極(ji)與地之間即會(hui)產生電(dian)解元(yuan)素。它們產生的直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)在(zai)兩個檢測電(dian)極(ji)上是不對稱的。即兩檢測電(dian)極(ji)間有一個干(gan)擾電(dian)壓(ya)US(與流(liu)(liu)體流(liu)(liu)量大小(xiao)無(wu)關),為此原因,一個直流(liu)(liu)干(gan)擾電(dian)壓(ya)疊加在(zai)放大器(qi)輸出端的測量信號上。假(jia)設在(zai)一個測量周(zhou)期內,電(dian)化學干(gan)擾電(dian)壓(ya)US是同(tong)極(ji)性的,如圖(4)

在*相(xiang)位,線圈電流(liu)為(wei)正,它產(chan)生(sheng)一個正的測(ce)(ce)量(liang)信號(hao)Um,疊加其(qi)上的是電化(hua)學干擾(rao)電壓(ya)+Us。在第二相(xiang)位時,線圈電流(liu)為(wei)負(fu),產(chan)生(sheng)的測(ce)(ce)量(liang)信號(hao)為(wei)-Um ,疊加其(qi)上的還是電化(hua)學干擾(rao)電壓(ya)+Us。在HWLDE電磁(ci)流(liu)量(liang)計中,此(ci)干擾(rao)電壓(ya)是通過轉換器電路的運算,由正、負(fu)檢測(ce)(ce)信號(hao)的相(xiang)互補償所消除。即

式(6) (Um+Us)-(-Um+Us)=2Um

上面的處理(li)既消除了(le)電化(hua)學(xue)干(gan)擾信(xin)號(hao)Us,同時也放(fang)大(da)了(le)流量(liang)檢(jian)測信(xin)號(hao)的幅值(zhi),使(shi)本儀(yi)表的靈敏度大(da)為提高。

4方框圖及功能

該型(xing)儀(yi)表的原理(li)方框(kuang)見圖(5)

圖(5)中,A是(shi)傳感(gan)器(qi)(qi),其(qi)中F1 是(shi)勵(li)磁線圈,E1和E2是(shi)檢測電(dian)極(ji),B是(shi)標準型轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)器(qi)(qi),2-阻(zu)抗變(bian)換(huan)(huan)/放大(da),3-量程調整電(dian)位器(qi)(qi),4-中間放大(da)器(qi)(qi),5-范圍(wei)選擇開關(×1,×0.5,×0.25),6-存儲器(qi)(qi)電(dian)路,7-差(cha)動放大(da),8-電(dian)壓/頻(pin)率(lv)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan),9-光(guang)電(dian)隔(ge)離,10-頻(pin)率(lv)/電(dian)流轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan),11-參考電(dian)阻(zu),12-矩形波電(dian)流發生器(qi)(qi),13-電(dian)源,14-開關控制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)

傳感(gan)器A的(de)(de)(de)(de)勵磁線圈F1,從勵磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源12得到(dao)一個(ge)(ge)受精(jing)確控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)交變的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)與開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)控制(zhi)器14的(de)(de)(de)(de)固定周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)同(tong)(tong)步。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極E1、E2的(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)屏(ping)蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)送到(dao)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)放大器2。再(zai)經過(guo)(guo)由(you)(you)3、4、5組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)量程調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu),送入(ru)存儲器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)6。兩個(ge)(ge)存儲器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)由(you)(you)控制(zhi)器14控制(zhi)采樣,分(fen)別存儲正測量信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)和負(fu)測量信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)。如(ru)圖(6),采樣脈沖信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)S1、S2由(you)(you)控制(zhi)器14發出(chu),控制(zhi)兩只開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)SW1和SW2。當(dang)S1處(chu)于(yu)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)期(qi)(qi)間(持續(xu)時(shi)(shi)間為t,t小于(yu)1/6周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi))時(shi)(shi),開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)SW1導通(tong),信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正半周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)被(bei)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)。當(dang)S1處(chu)于(yu)零(ling)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)時(shi)(shi),開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)SW1就截(jie)止,信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)被(bei)阻(zu)斷(duan)。同(tong)(tong)理,當(dang)S2處(chu)于(yu)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)期(qi)(qi)間(持續(xu)時(shi)(shi)間也為t時(shi)(shi)),開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)SW2導通(tong)。信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)半周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)被(bei)通(tong)過(guo)(guo),S2處(chu)于(yu)零(ling)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)期(qi)(qi)間時(shi)(shi),SW2截(jie)止,信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)被(bei)阻(zu)斷(duan)。開(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)SW1和SW2是交替輪(lun)流(liu)地導通(tong)和截(jie)止的(de)(de)(de)(de),它的(de)(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)和勵磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)同(tong)(tong)步。從而(er)實(shi)現了對信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)正、負(fu)半周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)采樣動作。兩個(ge)(ge)正、負(fu)測量信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)再(zai)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)差放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)7,輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)中(zhong)就不再(zai)含(han)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)干擾信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao),從而(er)實(shi)現了式(6)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)再(zai)經過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)/頻率轉換(huan),光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)隔離,頻率/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)轉換(huan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)標準的(de)(de)(de)(de)4(0)~20mA流(liu)量信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)。

 

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    請(qing)輸入(ru)計算結果(填寫阿拉伯數字),如:三(san)加(jia)四(si)=7