品牌 | 金迪儀表 | 產地 | 國產 |
---|---|---|---|
加工定制 | 是 |
1基本原理:
插入管道式電磁流量計是設計用于(yu)測(ce)量電解質流體(ti)的,測(ce)量原(yuan)理是基(ji)于(yu)法拉第電磁感應定律。根據該定律,任(ren)何導體(ti)通過(guo)磁場作切割磁力(li)線(xian)運動時,就會產生一個感應電壓,該感應電壓由下式給(gei)出:
式(1) U=K·B·L·V
上式中(zhong):U=感應電壓 K=儀表常數(shu) B=磁場強(qiang)度
L=導體(ti)長度 V=導體(ti)運動速度
因此,當磁場強(qiang)度(du)B為常數時,感應(ying)電(dian)壓U正比(bi)于(yu)運動的速度(du)V如圖(1)
對插入管道式電磁流量計來(lai)說,管路中導(dao)電的(de)(de)液體(ti)就是(shi)在磁場中運動(dong)的(de)(de)導(dao)體(ti),兩電極間(jian)的(de)(de)距離就是(shi)導(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)長度L。如圖(2)
其(qi)感(gan)應電壓與(yu)平均流(liu)(liu)速成正比(bi),此時(shi)管道中流(liu)(liu)體流(liu)(liu)量(liang)就可由下得出:
式(2) Q=πD2U/4KBL (式中D為管道直徑(jing))
在(zai)上式的(de)右面,除感應電壓(ya)U外都是(shi)(shi)(shi)常量。因此,流(liu)量Q與(yu)U成正比關系(xi)。而(er)感應電壓(ya)U可由(you)(you)與(yu)磁(ci)(ci)場成直角并于流(liu)體方向成直角的(de)兩根與(yu)介(jie)質接(jie)觸的(de)導電電極所檢測出來(lai)。檢測出來(lai)的(de)信號(hao)(hao)電壓(ya)會有電化(hua)學(xue)干擾(rao)電壓(ya)疊加其上,在(zai)變(bian)送(song)轉換(huan)時,應首先將干擾(rao)電壓(ya)分(fen)離(li)掉。磁(ci)(ci)場是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)方波(bo)恒(heng)流(liu)電流(liu)經勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)線圈產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)。獲得的(de)脈沖電壓(ya)信號(hao)(hao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)較容易(yi)與(yu)具有直流(liu)性質的(de)電化(hua)學(xue)干擾(rao)電壓(ya)相分(fen)離(li)。
2平均速(su)度的(de)概念及平均速(su)度點的(de)位置
根據尼庫拉磁(NIKURADS)對管道(dao)內流體各點運動速度的數(shu)學模型:
其(qi)中 VY是距(ju)管壁(bi)距(ju)離(li)為Y的流體的運動速度
VC是(shi)管道中(zhong)心(xin)點的速度
Y是距(ju)管壁的軸(zhou)向(xiang)距(ju)離
R是管道的(de)內半徑,見圖(tu)(3)
n是根(gen)據(ju)雷諾(nuo)數(shu)(Re)變化的一個數(shu)
n=21.5074-10.401lgRe+2.1572lg2Re-0.1275lg3Re
而管道流(liu)體(ti)的(de)平(ping)均速度Vm與VC的(de)關系可由式(shi)(3)經過(guo)對Y的(de)積分運(yun)算可得:
式(4)
把式(4)代(dai)入式(3)中,得到平均速(su)度(du)Vm處的距管(guan)壁的軸向距離(li)Ym與半徑R的比值關系:
即 式(5)
由上式在各種(zhong)流(liu)速下計算結果可知(zhi),當Re>3000時(shi),即(ji)流(liu)體成(cheng)湍流(liu)狀態時(shi),平均流(liu)速點的位置(zhi)都在距管壁0.12D左右處。D是管道(dao)的內徑。
由(you)于(yu)在測量過程(cheng)中,電磁流量計(ji)插(cha)入(ru)管(guan)(guan)道中,占據一定的(de)空(kong)間,使得流過電極處的(de)速(su)度(du)有所增加(jia)。所以(yi)應(ying)該(gai)用(yong)降(jiang)低插(cha)入(ru)深度(du)來補償(chang),經過計(ji)算和大量的(de)實踐,修正插(cha)入(ru)深度(du)為管(guan)(guan)道內徑(jing)的(de)10%。
3系統的功能
傳感器的磁場是由(you)轉換器提供的近似于矩(ju)形(xing)波的電流(liu),經勵(li)磁線圈(quan)而產(chan)生(sheng)的。這勵(li)磁電流(liu)在(zai)正(zheng)負值之(zhi)間交變。在(zai)正(zheng)比于勵(li)磁電流(liu)的磁場作用下,流(liu)體流(liu)過(guo)傳感器探頭時,在(zai)兩(liang)檢測電極之(zhi)間就(jiu)會產(chan)生(sheng)相同頻率的正(zheng)、負交變且正(zheng)比于流(liu)量(liang)的信號電壓。
由于(yu)流(liu)體(ti)是導(dao)電(dian)(dian)的(de),在(zai)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)與地(di)之間(jian)即會產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)解元素。它(ta)們產生(sheng)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓在(zai)兩個(ge)檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)上(shang)是不對稱的(de)。即兩檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)間(jian)有一(yi)個(ge)干擾(rao)電(dian)(dian)壓US(與流(liu)體(ti)流(liu)量大(da)(da)小無關),為此(ci)原因(yin),一(yi)個(ge)直(zhi)流(liu)干擾(rao)電(dian)(dian)壓疊加在(zai)放大(da)(da)器輸(shu)出端的(de)測(ce)量信(xin)號上(shang)。假設(she)在(zai)一(yi)個(ge)測(ce)量周期內,電(dian)(dian)化學干擾(rao)電(dian)(dian)壓US是同(tong)極(ji)(ji)性的(de),如圖(4)
在*相(xiang)(xiang)位,線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流為(wei)正(zheng),它(ta)產生一個正(zheng)的(de)(de)測(ce)量(liang)信(xin)號Um,疊加其上的(de)(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學干擾(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)+Us。在第二相(xiang)(xiang)位時,線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流為(wei)負(fu),產生的(de)(de)測(ce)量(liang)信(xin)號為(wei)-Um ,疊加其上的(de)(de)還(huan)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學干擾(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)+Us。在HWLDE電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁流量(liang)計中,此干擾(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)通過(guo)轉(zhuan)換(huan)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)運算,由正(zheng)、負(fu)檢測(ce)信(xin)號的(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)互補償所(suo)消除(chu)。即
式(6) (Um+Us)-(-Um+Us)=2Um
上面(mian)的處(chu)理既消除了電化(hua)學干(gan)擾信號Us,同時也放大了流量(liang)檢測信號的幅值,使本儀表的靈(ling)敏(min)度大為(wei)提高。
4方框圖及功能
該型儀表(biao)的原理方框(kuang)見圖(5)
圖(5)中(zhong)(zhong),A是(shi)傳感(gan)器,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)F1 是(shi)勵磁線圈,E1和E2是(shi)檢測(ce)電極,B是(shi)標(biao)準型轉(zhuan)換(huan)器,2-阻(zu)抗變換(huan)/放(fang)大,3-量程調整(zheng)電位(wei)器,4-中(zhong)(zhong)間放(fang)大器,5-范圍選(xuan)擇開關(guan)(×1,×0.5,×0.25),6-存(cun)儲(chu)器電路(lu),7-差(cha)動放(fang)大,8-電壓/頻(pin)率轉(zhuan)換(huan),9-光電隔離,10-頻(pin)率/電流轉(zhuan)換(huan),11-參考電阻(zu),12-矩形波電流發生器,13-電源,14-開關(guan)控制器
傳感器(qi)A的(de)(de)(de)勵(li)磁線圈F1,從勵(li)磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源12得到一個(ge)受精(jing)確(que)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)交變的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu),此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)14的(de)(de)(de)固定周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)同(tong)步(bu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)E1、E2的(de)(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓通(tong)過屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)送到輸(shu)入(ru)放(fang)大器(qi)2。再(zai)(zai)經過由3、4、5組成的(de)(de)(de)量程調(diao)整電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu),送入(ru)存(cun)儲(chu)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)6。兩個(ge)存(cun)儲(chu)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)由控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)14控(kong)制(zhi)采(cai)樣,分別(bie)存(cun)儲(chu)正測(ce)(ce)量信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)和(he)(he)負(fu)測(ce)(ce)量信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)。如(ru)圖(6),采(cai)樣脈沖信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)S1、S2由控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)14發出,控(kong)制(zhi)兩只(zhi)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)SW1和(he)(he)SW2。當S1處(chu)于高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(持續時(shi)(shi)間(jian)為(wei)t,t小(xiao)于1/6周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi))時(shi)(shi),開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)SW1導通(tong),信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)正半周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)被通(tong)過。當S1處(chu)于零電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平時(shi)(shi),開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)SW1就截(jie)止,信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)被阻(zu)斷。同(tong)理,當S2處(chu)于高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(持續時(shi)(shi)間(jian)也為(wei)t時(shi)(shi)),開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)SW2導通(tong)。信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)半周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)被通(tong)過,S2處(chu)于零電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)時(shi)(shi),SW2截(jie)止,信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)被阻(zu)斷。開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)SW1和(he)(he)SW2是交替(ti)輪流(liu)(liu)地(di)導通(tong)和(he)(he)截(jie)止的(de)(de)(de),它的(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)勵(li)磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)同(tong)步(bu)。從而實現了對信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)正、負(fu)半周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)樣動作。兩個(ge)正、負(fu)測(ce)(ce)量信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)再(zai)(zai)通(tong)過差放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)7,輸(shu)出的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)中就不再(zai)(zai)含有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)干擾信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao),從而實現了式(6)的(de)(de)(de)功能。輸(shu)出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)再(zai)(zai)經過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓/頻率轉換,光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)隔離(li),頻率/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)轉換輸(shu)出標準的(de)(de)(de)4(0)~20mA流(liu)(liu)量信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)。